Studying the influence of extractants nature in the process of thin-film vapor-phase extraction on composition, degree of extraction and form of obtained products

The technique of thin-film vapor-phase extraction of vegetable raw material has been described. By the example of birch bark the efficiency of the technique for obtaining extractive substances especially of triterpeneiod nature is show

Reduction of some cyclic derivatives of diphenic acid with sodium borane in alcohols

Reduction of heptamerous cyclic imides with sodium borane has been carried out for the first time by the example of some imides of diphenic acid. In this case for the first time amides of 2'-hydroxymethylxenyl-2-carboxylic acid which are potentially valued bioactive compounds were obtained. It was shown that the nature of substituent at nitrogen atom influences the reaction products yields and composition. The reduction of diphenic acid anhydride with sodium borane in simple alcohols occurs with the formation of reduction products - 7H-dibenzyl[c,e] oxepin-5-on (36...46 %) as well as products of diphenic acid alcoholysis-monoester (29...36 %). In this case the nature of alcohol influences weakly reaction products rati

Reactions of diphenic acid with carbamide as a way to acyclic and cyclic amides of diphenic acid

On the basis of reaction of diphenic acid with carbamide in the conditions of azeotropic water distillation a new way of producing acyclic and cyclic amides of diphenic acid has been found. The nature of aminating agent is shown to determine composition of reaction products: at aminating diphenic acid not substituted by carbamide the basic product is imide, whereas at aminating by substituted carbamide and amines it is corresponding monoamide. On the basis of experimental data the mechanism of the reactions is suggested

Critical Environmental Factors in the Arctic Development Strategy

The main strategic task of executive bodies of the Russian Federation is the creation of the institutional foundations for an effective Russian economy. The Russian economic interests in the Arctic are associated with colossal reserves of energy and mineral raw materials. The total cost of reconnoitered and projected resources more than $ 15 trillion. Here one-fifth of oil and near 60% of gas resources are concentrated. Also here the largest deposits of coal, gold, rare metals, a huge number of different biological resources are located. Nature and people are the two main riches of our country. Creation of conditions for preservation and effective use of these resources is the main task of the executive bodies at all levels. At the same time, the region economy effectiveness includes social and environmental security of the territory. This paper reviewed the main environmental and natural factors that are critical, to our mind, for the Arctic development.1. Permafrost and global warming, low temperatures in winter season plus very short summer are determined the specificity of any production cycle in the Arctic.2. The remoteness of the territory increases the cost of logistics of any goods and resources, as well as the road infrastructure.3. Specificity of the energy resources supply of local production and life support facilities.4. The need for institutional and legal adaptation of human resources, which are attracted to work in the Arctic, to local natural and geographical conditions in connection with the job duties performed.Our analysis allowed us to formulate a proposal for the formation of a strategy for the Arctic development by creating cluster-type support zones: a symbiosis of the territory of advanced development, a special economic zone, and a priority investment project

About the Project Approach Implementation in Public Administration and Local Self-Government

The absence within the framework of targeted programs (state, local) of a project mechanism defining the final product, the timing of its achievement using the established framework of budget financing, washes out the essence of these programs. Often they are formal and their implementation is reduced to the implementation of “measures”, the feasibility of which is notobvious. And complex interdepartmental projects often “slip” due to the lack of proper level and quality of communications in its implementation by reason the project manager privation with parts of authority.Apparently, the implementation of the project approach in local government bodies is even more relevant, where the result of the work is assessed not only by higher authorities and controlling bodies but also by real inhabitants. Our paper considers the main features of applying the project management principles in the executive bodies of public management and the required competencies of the project office head, key roles and functions office employees when implementing the project approach..The analysis carried out by the authors in many respects of the pioneering practice of the Leningrad Region made it possible to identify the main problems of the project management implementation and ways of overcoming them for the subjects of theRussian Federation, the necessary personal and managerial competencies of personnel involved in project management. The implementation of a large-scale digital technological transformation developed in a single federal center for modern services will allow optimizing the timing of the project task solutions, as was show

Spectroscopic camera analysis of the roles of molecularly assisted reaction chains during detachment in JET L-mode plasmas

The roles of the molecularly assisted ionization (MAI), recombination (MAR) and dissociation (MAD) reaction chains with respect to the purely atomic ionization and recombination processes were studied experimentally during detachment in low-confinement mode (L-mode) plasmas in JET with the help of experimentally inferred divertor plasma and neutral conditions, extracted previously from filtered camera observations of deuterium Balmer emission, and the reaction coefficients provided by the ADAS, AMJUEL and H2VIBR atomic and molecular databases. The direct contribution of MAI and MAR in the outer divertor particle balance was found to be inferior to the electron-atom ionization (EAI) and electron-ion recombination (EIR). Near the outer strike point, a strong atom source due to the D+2-driven MAD was, however, observed to correlate with the onset of detachment at outer strike point temperatures of Te,osp = 0.9-2.0 eV via increased plasma-neutral interactions before the increasing dominance of EIR at Te,osp < 0.9 eV, followed by increasing degree of detachment. The analysis was supported by predictions from EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations which were in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations

Shattered pellet injection experiments at JET in support of the ITER disruption mitigation system design

A series of experiments have been executed at JET to assess the efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injection (SPI) system in mitigating the effects of disruptions. Issues, important for the ITER disruption mitigation system, such as thermal load mitigation, avoidance of runaway electron (RE) formation, radiation asymmetries during thermal quench mitigation, electromagnetic load control and RE energy dissipation have been addressed over a large parameter range. The efficiency of the mitigation has been examined for the various SPI injection strategies. The paper summarises the results from these JET SPI experiments and discusses their implications for the ITER disruption mitigation scheme

Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (α) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER

Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (α) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER